Nuevas experiencias educacionales. La educación centrada en el estudiante: una experiencia y su potencial / New educational experiences. Student-centered education: an experience and its potential

ntroducción: La enseñanza de la Farmacología tradicionalmente se ha caracterizado por la transmisión de información donde las estrategias pedagógicas se han centrado en el profesor, privilegiando el conocimiento teórico, las clases magistrales y los exámenes memorísticos. Es imprescindible la introducción de elementos nuevos para aumentar la participación activa del estudiante en la construcción del conocimiento y en la evaluación del logro de sus competencias; el desarrollo de la creatividad y el trabajo en equipo. Esta metodología busca romper la noción de enseñanza tradicional, cambiar la idea de una evaluación por la nota a una evaluación con una motivación propia (del estudiante), para internalizar el conocimiento y hacerlo parte desu estructura de pensamiento. Objetivo: Desarrollar una estrategia de enseñanza y evaluación que permita a los estudiantes participar activamente. Materiales y métodos: Participaron 172 estudiantes que cursaron la asignatura de Farmacología y Terapéutica "B", entre marzo y septiembre de 2017. Se desarrollaron cuatro actividades individuales y complementarias relacionadas con la prescripción de medicamentos, para la evaluación del proceso y desempeño de los estudiantes se emplearon rúbricas normalizadas de evaluación, se aplicó una encuestade percepción a los estudiantes sobre la utilidad de la estrategia en su formación. Resultados: Los resultados muestran un buen desempeño de los estudiantes en las actividades de prescripción de medicamentos, un mejoramiento significativo en el desempeño al comparar los resultados. Los estudiantes consideran que la estrategia es útil para el desarrollo de sus competencias profesionales, les permite tener un papel activo en el proceso de aprendizaje y la metodología de evaluación les permite reconocer los elementos que deben reforzar para llegar a un óptimo desarrollo de su competencia

Evaluación biomecánica del efecto de bisfosfonatos y aceite de oliva en un modelo de remodelación óseo en fémur de rata: efectos en la remodelación ósea / Biomechanical evaluation of the effect of bisphosphonates and olive oil in a model of bone remodeling in rat femur: effects on bone remodeling

Estudios han demostrado que el aceite de oliva (O) con sus compuestos fenólicos tienen efectos positivos en diversos biomarcadores fisiológicos. Análisis previos han demostrado que los bisfosfonatos, son potentes inhibidores de la resorción ósea. Estudiar el efecto del tratamiento combinado de alendronato (AL) y pamidronato (PA) y de O sobre la regeneración ósea. Las fórmulas se dosificaron 0,5 mg/kg de peso para AL, y de 0,6 mg/kg de peso para PA. El O se administró en la dieta, 50 g/Kg. Cincuenta y cuatro ratas macho de la línea Wistar se dividieron en 6 grupos. El grupo control (C), recibió semanalmente 0,3 ml/100 g de solución salina vía subcutánea. El grupo (AL) recibió semanalmente por vía subcutánea en el miembro posterior izquierdo. El grupo (PA) se colocó igual que el grupo anterior. El grupo (O) fue tratado en la alimentación y en las áreas de la cirugía recibieron inyección subcutánea con solución fisiológica. El grupo (ALO) recibió tratamiento combinado con AL y O. El grupo (PAO) se trató igual al anterior. Se obtuvieron muestras de fémur en tiempos 15, 30, 60 y 90 días, que se incluyeron en solución fisiológica y mantenidos a -20 C. Los estudios estadísticos se realizaron a través del análisis de la variancia a dos y tres criterios de clasificación. Sólo el factor días influye significativamente sobre los valores. Las diferencias entre drogas no resultaron estadísticamente significativas. Tampoco se verificó interacción significativa entre los factores Droga y etapa. Los valores más elevados de fuerza de ruptura aplicada, se registraron a los 90 días. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los ensayos biomecánicos, poniendo de manifiesto la acción sistémica de los fármacos. Estas acciones fueron benéficas al aumentar la rigidez.

Studies have shown that olive oil (O) with its phenolic compounds have positive effects on various physiological biomarkers. Previous analyzes have shown that bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of bone resorption. The objective of this work was to study the effect of combined treatment with alendronate (AL) and pamidronate (PA) and O on bone regeneration. Formulas 0.5 mg/kg for AL dosed, and 0.6 mg/kg for PA. O was administered in the diet, 50 g/kg. Fifty-four male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups. The control group (C) received weekly 0.3 mL/100 g of saline subcutaneously. Group (AL) received weekly subcutaneously in the left posterior limb. Group (PA) was placed as the previous group. Group (O) was treated in food and in the areas of surgery received subcutaneous injection with saline. The (ALO) group received combined treatment with Al and O. The group (PAO) was treated the same as before. Femur samples at times 15, 30, 60 and 90 days, were included in physiological solution and maintained at -20 °C were obtained. Statistical studies were conducted through analysis of variance to two and three classification criteria. The ANOVA showed that only days factor significantly influences the values of the variables (p <0.05). The differences between drugs were not statistically significant (p> 0.05). Nor was there significant drug interaction between factors and stage (p> 0.05) was verified. The highest values of force rupture applied occurred at 90 days. No significant differences were found in the biomechanical testing, demonstrating the systemic action of drugs. These actions were beneficial to increase rigidity.

Estudio radiográfico de la asociación de antioxidantes y bifosfonatos en remodelación ósea peri-Implantaria / Radiographic antioxidants association and biphosphonates study in bone remodeling peri-implant

Estudios previos han demostrado que los bisfosfonatos son potentes inhibidores de la resorción ósea. El aceite de oliva (O) es rico en ácidos grasos monoinsaturados con potentes propiedades anti-oxidantes. El objetivo de este estudio fue estudiar el efecto del tratamiento de alendronato (AL) y pamidronato (PA) y de O sobre la regeneración tisular. Las fórmulas se dosificaron 0,5 mg/kg de peso para AL, y de 0,6 mg/kg de peso para PA. El O se administró en la dieta, 50 g/ Kg. Cincuenta y cuatro ratas macho de la línea Wistar se dividieron en 6 grupos. El grupo control (C), recibió semanalmente 0,3 ml/100g de peso corporal de solución salina vía subcutánea. El grupo (AL) recibió semanalmente por vía subcutánea en el miembro posterior izquierdo. El grupo (PA) se colocó igual que el grupo anterior. El grupo (O) fue tratado en la alimentación y en las áreas de la cirugía recibieron inyección subcutánea con solución fisiológica. El grupo (ALO) recibió tratamiento combinado con AL y O. El grupo (PAO) se trató igual al anterior. La cirugía consistió en una incisión longitudinal en las tibias realizando un defecto circular en la parte plana de cada tibia hasta llegar al hueso medular. Se tomaron radiografías a los 0, 7, 15, 30, 60 y 90 días y fueron analizadas con el Software Image Pro Plus. Los estudios estadísticos se realizaron a través del análisis de la variancia a dos y tres criterios de clasificación. Se evidencio un incremento en la densidad mineral ósea promedio (DMO) conforme avanza el tiempo en todos los grupos, siendo evidentes con PA a los 60 días. El tratamiento O mostró eficacia en la remodelación ósea, observándose un pico a los 60 días. Esto sugiere que O representa una opción terapéutica para el tratamiento de las patologías óseas.

Previous studies have shown that bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of bone resorption. Olive oil (O) is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids with potent anti-oxidant properties. The objective of this work was to study the effect of alendronate treatment (AL) and pamidronate (PA) and O on tissue regeneration. Formulas 0.5 mg / kg for AL dosed, and 0.6 mg / kg for PA. O was administered in the diet, 50 g / kg. Fifty-four male rats Wistar were divided into 6 groups. The control group (C) received weekly 0.3 ml / 100g body weight of saline subcutaneously. The group (AL) received a weekly dose subcutaneously in the left posterior limb. The group (PA) was placed as the previous group. The group (O) was treated in food and in the areas of surgery received subcutaneousinjection with saline. The group (ALO) received combined treatment with Al and O. The group (PAO) was treated the same as before. Surgery consisted of a longitudinal incision in the warm using a circular on the flat side of each tibia until the medullary bone defect. X-rays at 0, 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days were taken and analyzed with Image Pro Plus Software. Statistical studies were conducted through analysis of variance to two and three classification criteria. Results: an increase in the average bone mineral density (BMD) was evident as time progresses in all groups, with PA still evident at 60 days. Or treatment showed efficacy in bone remodeling observed a peak at 60 days. Conclusions: This suggests that O represents a therapeutic option for the treatment of bone disease.

Riesgos en la práctica odontológica: uso del mercurio / Risks in dental practice: use of mercury

El mercurio es un elemento metálico que ha sido catalogado como un material peligroso debido a los graves daños que ocasiona a la salud y al ambiente. La inhalación de vapor de mercurio por un periodo prolongado causa el mercurialismo, el cual es una enfermedad que se caracteriza por temblores finos y eretismo. En odontología, el mercurio es utilizado para la elaboración de las amalgamas empleadas en la restauración de los dientes tratados por caries. La intoxicación en los consultorios dentales, generalmente es de carácter crónico causada por la exposición prolongada a vapores de mercurio y ocurre por no tomar las precauciones durante la manipulación del metal en el proceso previo a la preparación de amalgama. Se ha demostrado que las buenas prácticas en el trabajo odontológico reducen los niveles de mercurio en la orina relacionados con afecciones del comportamiento. La Asociación Dental Americana (ADA) considera que los riesgos de exposición mercurial en el trabajo de Odontología son escasos si el personal que trabaja en dicha área cumple con las normas de higiene mercurial existentes

Mercury is a metallic element that has been listed as a hazardous material because of the severe damage it causes to health and the environment. Inhalation of mercury vapor for an extended period causes mercury poisoning, which is a disease characterized by tremors erethism fine. In dentistry, mercury is used for the preparation of amalgams used in the restoration of carious teeth treated. Poisoning in dental offices, is generally caused by a chronic exposure to mercury vapor and occurs for not taking precautions when handling the metal in the process leading to the preparation of amalgam. It has been shown that good dental work practices reduce levels of mercury in urine associated with behavioral disorders. The American Dental Association (ADA) believes that the risks of mercury exposure in the work of Dentistry are limited if the personnel working in that area meets the standards of existing mercury hygiene

Efecto de polímeros sobre los niveles de IgAs anti Streptococcus mutans y la producción de dextranos de Streptococcus mutans autóctonos (estudio in vitro e in vivo) / Effect of polymers on the levels of lgAs anti Streptococcus mutans and the production of dextran of autothonous Streptococcus mutans(study in and in vivo)

Se evaluó el efecto de Quitosan de Alto Peso Molecular (QAPM) (0.25-0.50 g% P/V; NaOH 1M) y Alginato de Sodio (AI-Na) 0.10-0.50 g% P/V; CaCl2 1 M, sobre los niveles de IgAs anti Streptococcus mutans y la producción de dextranos. Se estudió en saliva (in vitro) el efecto de los polímeros a 5', 8h y 24 h y en saliva extraída de diez sujetos sanos, (in vivo) a 0, 1 y 3 h posteriores a la realización de un buche con polímero. Los niveles de IgAs anti St mutans determinados por ELlSA, no revelaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con respecto al control (p=0.05). Se determinó la producción de dextranos en presencia de diferentes concentraciones de polímeros mediante espectrofotometría (λ=520), utilizando de 1 a 5.108 UFC/ml de St. mutans en caldo sacarosa 8,5%. Los resultados mostraron reducción significativa, en la formación de dextranos respecto al control (p<0.05), siendo de 32% para QAPM 0.25 g% P/V y 66,8% para QAPM 0.50 g% P/V,en tanto que para AI-Na 0.10 g% P/V fue del 30% y AI-Na 0.50 g% P/V fue del 32%. Se concluye que QAPM y AI-Na , en razón de sus características físico-químicas que les permiten formar uniones tipo puente hidrógeno, y cadenas poliméricas que les confieren elasticidad suficiente para acceder a las distintas estructuras de la cavidad oral brindan expectativas para la investigación de nuevas formulaciones terapéuticas de aplicación odontológica (AU)

Effect of High Molecular Weight Quitosan (HMWQ) (0.25-0.50 g% P/V, NaOH 1M) and Sodium Alginate (Na-Al) (0.10-0.50 g% P/ V. CaCI2 1 M, was evaluated on the levels of IgAs anti Streptococcus mutans and the production of dextran. It was studied in saliva (in vitro) the effect of the polymers to 5', 8h and 24 h and in saliva from ten healthy subjects (study in vivo,) to 0, 1 and 3 h after the execution of a mouth rinse with polymers. The levels of IgAs anti St mutans were determined by ELlSA, they did not reveal statistically significant differences with regard to the control (p=0.05). The dextran production was determined at different concentrations of polymers by means of espectrofotometria (λ=520), using a suspension from 1 to 5.108 UFC ml of St mutans in sucrose broth 8,5%. The results showed significant reduction, to the formation of dextran with respect to the control (p<0.05), being for 32% to HMWQ 0.25 g% PN and 66,8% for HMWQ 0.50 g% P/V, while for Na-Al 0.10 g% PN was 30% and Na-Al 0.50 g% P V was the 32%. It is concluded that QAPM and Al- Na, with regard to their characteristic physical and chemistry that permit to form hydrogen bond Iike, and polymeric chains that confer sufficient elasticity to agree to the different structures of the oral cavity, offer expectations for the therapeutic investigation of new formulations of deontological application (AU)

Low and high molecular weight chitosans interactions with Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study.

We evaluated the in vitro capacity of high and low molecular weight chitosans (HMWCh and LMWCh) to inhibit the adherence of strains of S. mutans obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC,25175) to artificial saliva-coated hydroxiapatite beads. The effect of these biopolymers was assessed in terms of pH, ionic force, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibacterial activity. The results show that HMWCh is modified by a rise in pH (7.0) and ionic strength. The induced conformational changes lead to the formation of rigid meshes capable of aggregating and entrapping S. mutans. This process is associated to the properties of HMWCh. LMWCh gave rise to smaller aggregates that exhibited a comparatively reduced interaction capacity. The MIC for HMWCh was 0.5 g% and evidenced the bacteriostatic action of the aggregates. We conclude that HMWCh would exert an inhibitory effect on the process of specific adsorption of S. mutans to saliva-coated hydroxiapatite beads.

Low and high molecular weight chitosans interactions with Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study

We evaluated the in vitro capacity of high and low molecular weight chitosans (HMWCh and LMWCh) to inhibit the adherence of strains of S. mutans obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC,25175) to artificial saliva-coated hydroxiapatite beads. The effect of these biopolymers was assessed in terms of pH, ionic force, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibacterial activity. The results show that HMWCh is modified by a rise in pH (7.0) and ionic strength. The induced conformational changes lead to the formation of rigid meshes capable of aggregating and entrapping S. mutans. This process is associated to the properties of HMWCh. LMWCh gave rise to smaller aggregates that exhibited a comparatively reduced interaction capacity. The MIC for HMWCh was 0.5 g

and evidenced the bacteriostatic action of the aggregates. We conclude that HMWCh would exert an inhibitory effect on the process of specific adsorption of S. mutans to saliva-coated hydroxiapatite beads.

Low and high molecular weight chitosans interactions with Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study.

We evaluated the in vitro capacity of high and low molecular weight chitosans (HMWCh and LMWCh) to inhibit the adherence of strains of S. mutans obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC,25175) to artificial saliva-coated hydroxiapatite beads. The effect of these biopolymers was assessed in terms of pH, ionic force, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibacterial activity. The results show that HMWCh is modified by a rise in pH (7.0) and ionic strength. The induced conformational changes lead to the formation of rigid meshes capable of aggregating and entrapping S. mutans. This process is associated to the properties of HMWCh. LMWCh gave rise to smaller aggregates that exhibited a comparatively reduced interaction capacity. The MIC for HMWCh was 0.5 g

and evidenced the bacteriostatic action of the aggregates. We conclude that HMWCh would exert an inhibitory effect on the process of specific adsorption of S. mutans to saliva-coated hydroxiapatite beads.

A comparative study in vivo of the therapeutic effect of triclosan, hexetidine and chitosan.

The present clinical study was performed to comparatively assess the therapeutic effect of Low and High Molecular Weight Chitosan (LMWCh and HMWCh), hexetidine, triclosan. Plaque index, saliva buffering capacity and bacteriological controls for S. mutans and lactobacilli, were performed. The plaque and bacterial indices revealed statistically significant differences between groups. Buffering capacity was similar using, hexetidine, and triclosan, whereas it was maximum in 100% of the patients in the LMWCh and HMWCh groups. Only 0.5% HMWCh induced low activity of S. mutans in 100% of the patients and caused complete inhibition of lactobacilli growth. No changes were observed in the profile of salivary proteins. The present clinical study confirms the therapeutic efficacy of the chitosan as a bacteriostatic agent.

A comparative study in vivo of the therapeutic effect of triclosan, hexetidine and chitosan

The present clinical study was performed to comparatively assess the therapeutic effect of Low and High Molecular Weight Chitosan (LMWCh and HMWCh), hexetidine, triclosan. Plaque index, saliva buffering capacity and bacteriological controls for S. mutans and lactobacilli, were performed. The plaque and bacterial indices revealed statistically significant differences between groups. Buffering capacity was similar using, hexetidine, and triclosan, whereas it was maximum in 100

of the patients in the LMWCh and HMWCh groups. Only 0.5

HMWCh induced low activity of S. mutans in 100

of the patients and caused complete inhibition of lactobacilli growth. No changes were observed in the profile of salivary proteins. The present clinical study confirms the therapeutic efficacy of the chitosan as a bacteriostatic agent.

A comparative study in vivo of the therapeutic effect of triclosan, hexetidine and chitosan.

The present clinical study was performed to comparatively assess the therapeutic effect of Low and High Molecular Weight Chitosan (LMWCh and HMWCh), hexetidine, triclosan. Plaque index, saliva buffering capacity and bacteriological controls for S. mutans and lactobacilli, were performed. The plaque and bacterial indices revealed statistically significant differences between groups. Buffering capacity was similar using, hexetidine, and triclosan, whereas it was maximum in 100

of the patients in the LMWCh and HMWCh groups. Only 0.5

HMWCh induced low activity of S. mutans in 100

of the patients and caused complete inhibition of lactobacilli growth. No changes were observed in the profile of salivary proteins. The present clinical study confirms the therapeutic efficacy of the chitosan as a bacteriostatic agent.

Caries experience in 3 year old children of Cordoba, Argentina.

The results of a study of caries in a 3 year old cohort of children performed by the CLACyD (Spanish abbreviation by initials for Nutrition, Growth and Development Program of Córdoba) are analysed. The prevalence of caries was 19.7% for boys and 16.1% for girls. Dmf-t and dmf-s values were 0.55-0.75% for girls and 0.73-1.22% for boys. The most affected element was the first mandibular molar (16.30% of the population). Extracted and filled elements accounted for 1.8 and 5.9% of the dmf-t index. According to the Caries Analysis System, a higher prevalence of the PF (pits and fissures) pattern and the AM (anterior maxillary bone) pattern was observed as compared to the PP (proximal posterior) and BL (buccolingual) patterns. The percentage distribution of BL lesions over all the patterns exhibited statistically significant (p = 0.05) differences between girls and boys. The PF and PP patterns were more severe in boys (p = 0.0006 and p = 0.002 respectively). Based on the present data we conclude that this population exhibits marked prevalence which can rapidly increase and pose a threat to temporary and mixed dentitions. We herein recommend preventive measures of widespread use (regarding toothbrushing, and eating habits with particular reference to carbohydrate consumption) and preventive-therapeutic treatments for diseased patients (topical applications of fluoride, sealing agents and active treatment of caries).

[Oral health status evaluation of pre-school children: longitudinal epidemiologic study (1993-1994), Córdoba, Argentina]. / Evaluación del estado de salud bucodental en preescolares: estudio epidemiológico longitudinal (1993-1994), Córdoba, Argentina.

A one-year longitudinal survey was carried out on a sample of the Cordoba City 4-year old kindergarten population (n = 820); so as to determine the role of several variables upon the incidence of caries. The dmf-t, dmf-s, oral hygiene and oral health indexes as well as incidence rates and caries relative risks of caries were inversely related to the socioeconomic level (SEL) of the children involved. Thus in the SEL III (typical proletariat, non-typical proletariat and sub-proletariat) children, the relative risk of caries was almost five times higher (RR = 4.9) than in the SEL I (entrepreneureal and managerial bourgeoisie) children. In SEL I, almost all new lesions occurred on smooth surfaces (61.2%), while in SEL III the molar occlusal faces were mainly affected (66.3%). Daily sugar intake was higher in SEL III children but experience of caries showed poor correlation to the amount (r = 0.40) and frequency (r = 0.52) of carbohydrate intake. No significant interlevel differences were observed in the biochemical salivary parameters analyzed. Assisted toothbrushing and fluoride topications strongly lowered the incidence of caries among SEL III children, also making the corresponding rates fall almost to SEL I values (0.31, 0.23 and 0.22 vs. 0.21). In conclusion, SEL III children should be treated prophylactically with effective preventive measures, because of their susceptibility to caries. Such preventive measures include assisted toothbrushing and fluoride topications.